the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity. help you review for assessments in your AP Human Geography class by providing links to practice resources and tips on effective study strategies A process of spatial competition allocates verious farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market, currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), the recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating, Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and cityassimilation, In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs, The process through which something is given monetary value. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services. AP Human Geography; Unit 1: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives. The ozone layer acts as a filter for the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the first international convention aimed at addressing the issue of ozone depletion. a general term of a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic systems. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy, The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit, The visible imprint of of human activity and culture on the landscape. Country. People who are in locations that are more accessible will be able to reach activities and destinations faster than those in inaccessible locations. January 20, 2019 / in AP Human Geography / by emmacalderwood Key Takeaways: Cities and Urban Land Use The hierarchy of cities from smallest to largest is hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, and megalopolis. service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Content in this course can be considered under this license unless otherwise noted. AP Human Geography Unit 3 Terms (Culture and Identity) questionCulture answerA group's way of life, including the shared system of social meanings, values and relations that is transmitted between generations ... Get instant access to all materials Become a Member. Farming: The methodical cultivation of plants and/or animals. AP Human Geography. In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split, The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation, The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad, Boundaries between the world's major faiths, The youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. disposal sites for non-hazardous solid waste that is spread in layters and compacted to the smallest practical volume. Diffusions . The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source, A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils, Line on a map connecting points of equal temperature values, The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment, A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.g., satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study, An approach to studying nature—society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated, A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban, Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space, A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it, A hunt for a cache, the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other geocachers, The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination, Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions, The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places. system which the eldest son in a family-- or, in exceptional cases, daughter--inherits all of a dying parent's land. The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence, Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries, the term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe, The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.4. Paul Barter. Capacity and arrangement of various transportation options largely determine accessibility, and locations range in terms of equality due to their level of accessibility. Ur and Babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BCE, and which was founded in the Fertile Crescent, chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 BCE, chronologically, the third urban hearth, dating 2200 BCE, Rivers in present-day China, it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE, chronologically the fifth urban hearth, dating 200 BCE, literally "high point of the city". the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents. Lesson Planet. Alumni Access and Resources How to access resources, on and off-campus. Term: contagious diffusion Definition: the distance controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person Term: cultural determinism Definition: the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels Term: cultural ecology Definition: the study of human … I wanted teachers and students to be able to access the Human Imprint’s Illustrated Primer to Human Geography more easily than in ... For the remainder of my AP review season, I am … Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude, The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England (a suburb of London), Geographic viewpoint—a response to determinism—that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. (See also rectangular survey system), a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. A Vocabulary List for AP Human Geography Unit I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives?Basic Vocabulary and Concepts Note: The following concepts transcend all units in AP Human Geography; they are central to all geographic thinking and analysis and could even be considered central to any definition of geography. Definition: The ability to reach a place with respect to another place. Mobility is the ability to move or be moved freely and easily. For example, in the early twentieth century, Puerto Ricans "invaded" the immigrant Jewish neighborhood of East Harlem and successfully took over the neighborhood or "succeeded" the immigrant Jewish population as the dominant immigrant group in the neighborhood, The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location, Theory defined by geographers Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative, A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. M. Rubenstein as presented by Andrew Patterson service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit, A periodic and official count of a country's population, A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population, Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies, The number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population, The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population, Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. Mobility can be thought of in terms of being able to move throughout various levels in society or employment, for example. See also chain, forced, internal, international, step, and voluntary migration, Human movement involving movement across international boundaries, Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States, Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate, Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move, Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants (become familiar with each of the five laws), A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them, Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state, Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. a structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (e.g. Off-Campus Access Students, staff, and faculty can access most of our electronic resources off-campus. Accessibility. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured. It actually exceeded our expectations, beyond covering each fundamental concept you are required to … rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. -3-2. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and AP Program in general. Geographic Information Systems/Science: Spatial Analysis & Modelling, Dartmouth College Library Research Guides.3. Todd Litman. economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy. Nomadic groups around the world depended on migratory animals, wild fruit, berries, and roots for sustenance. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's planactivity space The space within which daily activity occurs, One of three major branches of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Varies from places to place and can be measured. Also referred to as environmentalism, The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area, Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon, The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other. a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U. S. interior. Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Human Geography. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran, Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam. Accessibility determines equal access and opportunity. Card range to study:-Number of cards: ... Ap Human Geography Chapter 1. Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarly in appearance to other such homes, homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs. M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge, B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution, a highly organized and specialized systems for organizing industrial production and labor. Definition; Absolute Distance: The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length such as a mile or kilometer: Absolute location: The exact position of an object or place, measured within some other place: Accessibility: The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place: Azimuthal … Earth. the total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place; biological diversity, the layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30 and 45 kilometers above the Earth's surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated. specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries, the encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation-through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animal, and possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones, place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure, international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues, program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businessesorganic agriculture approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. Example: I prefer to go to the suburban mall because it has much better accessibility than the downtown mall. a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy. one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography. Decisions around transportations typically include tradeoffs with different types of access, and how it is measured affects larger impacts. To measure transportation system data, there are three approaches some policymakers use, including traffic-based measurements, mobility-based ones, and accessibility-based data. These methods range from tracking vehicle trips and traffic speed to traffic time and general travel costs. Homepage; About the Human Imprint; AP HuGe Units of Study. Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility, and Accessibility. energy supply and labor costs), the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance, the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction, model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration, a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. question. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level, Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population, The time required for a population to double in size, Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others, Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth, A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population, A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Home Embed All AP Human Geography Resources . Buddhism splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism, Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. ... Cards Return to Set Details. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence, Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features, A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place, A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region, The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. collection of computer hardware and software permitting spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, used, and displayed. economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products, the manufacturing sector. The sites are typically designed with floors made of materials to treat seeping liquids and are covered by soil as the wastes are compacted and deposited into the landfills. dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products. Today, the concept of globalization is commonly defined as the integration of Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured. economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs. Chapter 1 Key Issue 1 of The Cultural Landscape by James. All information found at: http://geography.about.com/od/geographyglossarya/g/ggaccessibility.htm. Spatial Distribution-Physical location of geographic phenomena across SPACE The test is administered by College Board. Questions from the 2016 administration of the AP Human Geography … It offers clear and accessible entries ranging from acronyms, organizations, and basic terms to biographies, concepts, and major periods and schools in the history of human geography… Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns, The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants. the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape, physical location of geographic phenomena across space, they are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement. Front: Back: accessibility. the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy, Belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe, Belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe, The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth, A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce, When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary, A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue, Countries in which only one language is spoken, Countries in which more than one language is spoken, In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government, The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade, Place namereligion defined by geographers Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak in the book Geography in America as "a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use. (de Blij, Murphey, Fouberg, ph 16), Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture, Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative), The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person—analogous to the communication of a contagious illness, A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. Chapter 1 Key Issue 2 and 3. the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized, as people and businesses from the city move to these spaces, CBD-(Burgess Model) divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function, a term introduced by American journalist JOel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the Central Business District (CBD) toward a new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe, a spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusions routes, and distribution of diseases. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi ("lifebreath") in favorable ways, A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture, Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. the overall appearance of an area. Both forms of transportation modes rely on each other in some way, depending on the scenario, but remain separate entities. term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology, dependence on a single agricultural commodity, developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation, areas of the world with similar climatic charactaristics, production system based on large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Home bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often referred to as McMassions. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon. dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication, genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

accessibility definition ap human geography

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