The form of this text that is authoritative for Rabbinic Judaism is known as the Masoretic Text (MT) and consists of 24 books, while Protestant Biblesdivide essentially the same materi… So the oldest Biblical text we found is about 2700 years old. ... offers an analysis of Josephus’ Against Apion and 4 Ezra—the two earliest testimonies of the number of books of the Hebrew Bible—and proposes factors to explain the birth of the canon. In the final paragraph, Exodus 9:17 (cf. For modern scholars, the picture is not so clear. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? Having established the reality of diachronic change in Biblical Hebrew and its characteristic features, how can we use this knowledge to date biblical texts? How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? They then consider forms of synchronic variation that should not be attributed to Hebrew’s diachronic development. The notion that God predestines some of his creatures to perdition hardly developed in the biblical world before the postexilic period; in full-blown form it is unknown before the Dead Sea Scrolls. All Rights Reserved. In verse 15 God says indeed: “I could easily have killed you right away”; this forms a good contrast with verse 16: “But I have spared you until now.”. How old is the Hebrew bible? The first book of the Bible to be written, likely Genesis or Job, was completed around 1400 BC. Having laid out their argument in detail, complete with many examples from the biblical writings to illustrate their points, Hendel and Joosten finish with two important appendixes. In How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? A Linguistic, Textual and Historical Study Ron Hendel; Jan Joosten Yale University Press 2018, 240 Seiten Verlagstext: "The age of the Hebrew Bible is a topic that has sparked controversy and debate in recent years. Can a diachronic analysis of Biblical Hebrew’s evolution help us date the various writings comprising the biblical corpus? Its books may contain strata and fragments composed in wholly different periods. We show the consilience of the historical inferences drawn from these different kinds of inquiry, including the phases of Biblical Hebrew – archaic, classical, transitional, and late – the variant scribal editions of biblical books, and the influence of foreign realia, including language, art, economy, and material culture. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews. A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study. To Irit we can only reiterate, there is much more to say. Our book brings together different bodies of evidence to show that the age of the Hebrew Bible can be ascertained to a reasonable degree by integrating the fields of historical linguistics, textual criticism, and cultural history. (Isn't textual criticism fun?) Get this from a library! Our thanks to Robert for catching our scribal error in the last sentence - (Exodus) 9:17 for 9:16. This latter point is especially important when it comes to text-critical work, for scribes may have engaged in the linguistic modernization or archaizing of the texts they copied, a point demonstrated by a linguistic analysis of the Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran (1QIsa) which modernizes the earlier form of Hebrew found in the Masoretic Text. book. Can a diachronic analysis of Biblical Hebrew’s evolution help us date the various writings comprising the biblical corpus? How old is the Hebrew bible? We should also note … Ronald Hendel is the Norma and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew Bible and Jewish Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and general editor of The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition. Wright -- University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? What, then, should be made of the apparent influence of Babylonian traditions on the Pentateuch, such as the Enuma Elish, Epic of Gilgamesh, Code of Hammurabi, and the Legend of Sargon? The Age of the Hebrew Bible is difficult to determine. Moreover, the existence of Aramaic and Persian loanwords in the books Esther, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles, Daniel, and Ecclesiastes marks these texts as representing Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH). This is because of a number of reasons. The ages of the books of the Hebrew Bible span a vast chronological range, from the early Iron Age to the Greek age, which we can discern at different degrees of focus. Diachronic linguistics independently points to a relatively early date. [Ronald S Hendel; Jan Joosten] -- "The age of the Hebrew Bible is a topic that has sparked controversy and debate in recent years. Perhaps Exodus 9:17 is a late verse added to the narrative by an inspired redactor who wished to insert the notion of divine predestination into the text of scripture, and naturally used the language of his day. The meaning of the verbal root. So why would Biblical Hebrew be any different? A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study. This impressive, broad-ranging book synthesizes recent linguistic, textual, and historical research to clarify the history… The difference between the translations hinges on the semantics of the Hebrew verb, “I have raised you up” (KJV) or “I have kept you standing” (NRSV)? : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study by Ronald Hendel; Jan Joosten and Publisher Yale University Press. In recent decades some scholars have questioned whether Biblical Hebrew has a history at all, arguing that it is a congeries of dialects that could have been available at any period, or that its history is impenetrable due to the absence of usable data. Hebrew Interlinear Bible (OT) [ Greek Interlinear NT] Hebrew Text: WLC_v (v1.1): Westminster Leningrad Codex ... download the ISA Bible software (Windows only) for free. : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study by Ronald Hendel at Abbey's Bookshop | 9780300234886 | Hardback J.E. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? The conflicts among the different scholarly positions – often caricatured as minimalists, maximalists, and meliorists – have become familiar features of the scholarly landscape. Perhaps Exodus 9:17 is a late verse added to the narrative by an inspired redactor who wished to insert the notion of divine predestination into the text of scripture, and naturally used the language of his day. The KJV has: “And indeed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power,” but the NRSV: “This is why I have let you live: to show you my power.” In the KJV God practically claims that he created Pharaoh for no other purpose than to annihilate him on the scene of history. Save up to 80% by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9780300240382, 0300240384. (Anchor Bible Reference Library. The Hebrew Bible contains 24 books, of which we’ve come to know as the Old Testament. University of Oxford Supported by: Historical linguistics confirms the second reading. Therefore, it would have been helpful for Hendel and Joosten to engage source-critical theories about the Pentateuch more directly in light of their linguistic analysis. : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library) For full treatment, see biblical literature. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? In your analysis of the example of Exodus 9:17 you are contrasting one interpretation that fits linguistically and philosophically with Qumran and Rabbinic writing with another interpretation that you claim is earlier. Submitted by Irit Rubin on Fri, 01/11/2019 - 11:59. January 2019. Hendel and Joosten begin with a summary of the types—including phonological, lexical, and morphosyntactic—and causes of linguistic change, as well as the influences of contact with other languages. A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study. Scholars have debated whether the texts of the Hebrew Bible were written before 586 B.C.E.—when the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem, razed the First Temple and exiled the Jews—or later on, in the Persian or Hellenistic period. Many of these attributions are not historically credible, since the books refer to circumstances long after the time of its putative authors. The authors recognize that applying Hebrew linguistic analysis to the dating of biblical writings is not new. Hendel and Joosten date the Pentateuch to the monarchic period based on its CBH style of language. Our book brings together different bodies of evidence to show that the age of the Hebrew Bible can be ascertained to a reasonable degree by integrating the fields of historical linguistics, textual criticism, and cultural history. These texts are almost exclusively in Biblical Hebrew, with a few passages in Biblical Aramaic (in the books of Daniel and Ezra, the verse Jeremiah 10:11, and some single words). This book should be on the shelf of any scholar or student of the Hebrew Bible or Biblical Hebrew. If languages develop continuously, are not all stages in the evolution of Hebrew essentially transitional? It also constitutes a large portion of the Christian Bible.. A brief treatment of the Hebrew Bible follows. And that a general chronology can be inferred from such developments in Biblical Hebrew. The scarcity of clear evidence allows for the possibility of many views, though these are often clouded by theological and political biases. Ronald Hendel is the Norma and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew Bible and Jewish Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and general editor of The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition.Jan Joosten is Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of … Which is why we wrote this book. Jennie Ebeling -- Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville, Copyright © 2000-2020 The Bible and Interpretation | All Rights Reserved | The University of Arizona | Developed by SBS Tech Answer: Since the Bible was written by around 40 different authors over a period of around 1,500 years, the question “How old is the Bible?” cannot be answered with a single number. English translations of Exodus 9:16 diverge in interesting ways. However, they seek to provide a comprehensive overview of new research into Hebrew linguistic development as well as argue that Hebrew linguistic study should be focused squarely within the field of biblical studies.Â. There is clearly pre-exilic writing in the Pentateuch in the form of old epic poetry such as the Song of Moses in Exodus 15. We look forward to his extended critique as part of the scholarly conversation. A threefold cord is not quickly broken (Ecclesiastes 4:12). Which is why we wrote this book. Altes Testament -> Hebräische Linguistik How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? Question: "How old is the Bible?" Despite a basic agreement with Hendel and Joosten’s argument, this reviewer still has a few questions.Â. : a linguistic, textual, and historical study. Let us present a brief example. Can we anchor a specific form of Hebrew in a specific historical period? How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? Let us present a brief example. The scarcity of clear evidence allows for … : a linguistic, textual, and historical study. University of California, Berkeley, By Jan Joosten But the structure of their argument still appears to switch between these two modes, which betrays a certain ambiguity about the true purpose of the book.Â. Our aim is to present a clear and reasonably comprehensive account, which – we hope – will establish a new benchmark for future research. They date TBH to the Neo-Babylonian period. Jan Joosten is Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of Oxford and editor-in-chief of Vetus Testamentum. So, for instance, Hugo Grotius argued in the seventeenth century that Solomon could not have written Ecclesiastes, due to the book’s late linguistic features, often colored by Aramaic. : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries Series) by Ronald S Hendel in Hardback format at Koorong (9780300234886). Appendix 2 provides a response to work by Ian Young and Robert Rezetko, who argue that linguistic variability in Biblical Hebrew results not from its diachronic development but from co-existing styles of literary Hebrew. To answer this, Hendel and Joosten consider the linguistic features of inscriptional Hebrew as it occurs in inscriptions widely accepted as pre-exilic in origin. This, at least, is our claim, for which we marshal a mass of detail and close argument. You say 'The latter meaning corresponds to the normal usage of the root in the Pentateuch', but are you assuming the Pentateuch is 'early'? by Ronald Hendel, 9780300234886, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. Paul V.M. The history of Hebrew, according to this stream of scholarship, provides our best clue for the age of the biblical books. Buy How Old is the Hebrew Bible? Which is why we wrote the book. In How Old Is the Hebrew Bible?A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study, Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten answer this question in the affirmative.The authors recognize that applying Hebrew linguistic analysis to the dating of biblical writings is not new. Norma and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew Bible and Jewish Studies By Ronald Hendel Hebrew Bible, also called Hebrew Scriptures, Old Testament, or Tanakh, collection of writings that was first compiled and preserved as the sacred books of the Jewish people. This leads to the conclusion that the Classical Biblical Hebrew (CBH) found in the corpus from Genesis to 2 Kings dates these texts to the late monarchic (Neo-Assyrian) period. The scarcity of clear evidence allows for the possibility of … Robert F. Shedinger is Professor of Religion at Luther College. The difference between the translations hinges on the semantics of the Hebrew verb he‘emadtika, a causative form of the root ‘amad   “to stand.” Does he‘emadtika mean “I have raised you up” (KJV) or “I have kept you standing” (NRSV)? By Ronald Hendel Norma and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew Bible and Jewish Studies University of California, Berkeley. There is much that we can know about these topics, more than most scholars are willing to grant. Submitted by Ron Hendel and… on Mon, 01/14/2019 - 16:09. The ages of the books. Yet it isn't clear from the information here what demonstrably early literature and thinking this interpretation is meant to fit with. If you do not know any Hebrew, try our Hebrew Bible in English; if you know Hebrew well, you may prefer one of our four all Hebrew Bibles.. How old is the Hebrew Bible? There is much more to say. News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. Now for those of us who have counted the number of books featured in the first half of our Bibles, we may wonder how the number 39 translates as 24 in the Hebrew Bible. There is much more to say. The history of ancient Israel from roughly 1200 to 500 BCE, they say, has little or nothing to do with the biblical accounts. After all, overwhelming evidence supports the view that all languages change over time. But standard biblical scholarship continues to treat the Pentateuch as a multi-source composition including a clearly exilic or post-exilic priestly source (which Hendel and Joosten do make reference to). Read 4 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. : a linguistic, textual, and historical study / Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten. So instead of the original 22 books (which became 24 books in current Hebrew Bible versions by separating several books into two and combining others), now Christians had 39 separate books that we call the Old Testament and we also had a new design for the books. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018). From two expert scholars comes a comprehensive study of the dating of the Hebrew Bible How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? In their concluding chapter they write, “We have shown in the textual samples in this chapter that a variety of historical evidence—from the early Iron Age to the Greek era—is consilient with the linguistic model that we have advanced … They confirm that the typologically distinctive phases of CBH, TBH, and LBH are chronolects, not contemporary dialects or registers” (121). The latter meaning corresponds to the normal usage of the root in the Pentateuch, the former reflects a later form of Hebrew exemplified in Qumran Hebrew and Rabbinic Hebrew. There is much that we can know about these topics, more than most scholars are willing to grant. Please read our policy on commenting. © 2020 American Academy of Religion. The intersection of independent approaches is impressive. On the other hand, with some variations, the Christian Bible consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament, which is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and his apostles. It is unclear why this period of Hebrew is labeled “transitional” while CBH and LBH are not. To view this Online Interlinear you need Acrobat Reader For easier sublinear reading the format has been changed left-to-right. Date: Wednesday 29th April 2020 Time: 10 am to 1 pm (Lunch is available… So is the book about the dating of biblical writings, as the title suggests, or an argument in favor of a diachronic understanding of linguistic variation (the inclusion of Appendix 2 suggests the latter). The history of ancient Israel from roughly 1200 to 500 BCE, they say, has little or nothing to do with the biblical accounts. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? We show the consilience of the historical inferences drawn from these different kinds of inquiry, including the phases of Biblical Hebrew – archaic, classical, transitional, and late – the variant scribal editions of biblical books, and the influence of foreign realia, including language, art, economy, and material culture. For traditionalists, the age of a book is the age of its author – Moses for the Pentateuch, David for the Psalms, Solomon for the Song of Songs, and so on. 2018-11-20. For traditionalists, the age of a book is the age of its author – Moses for the Pentateuch, David for the Psalms, Solomon for the Song of Songs, and so on. Our aim is to present a clear and reasonably comprehensive account, which – we hope – will establish a new benchmark for future research. A threefold cord is not quickly broken (Ecclesiastes 4:12). Reading Religion welcomes comments from AAR members, and you may leave a comment below by logging in with your AAR Member ID and password. The meaning of the verbal root ‘amad  evolved over time from “to be in a standing position” to  “to stand up.” The KJV translators (and Paul – though he may be using a Greek version) mix up different types of Hebrew. A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study.. Our book How Old Is the Hebrew Bible?A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study brings together different bodies of evidence to show that the age of the Hebrew Bible can be ascertained to a reasonable degree by integrating the fields of historical linguistics, textual criticism, and cultural history. Online Hebrew Interlinear Bible. Hendel and Joosten provide a convincing case for the reality of diachronic development. In the NRSV the picture is different: God is like a boxing champion who decides not to cut down his opponent from round one lest he spoil the spectacle. The age of the Hebrew Bible is a complicated and controversial topic. Isn't this what is up to discussion? Many scholars, largely disregarding linguistic data, insist that most or all of the Hebrew Bible was written in the second half of the first millennium BCE, during the Persian and/or Hellenistic periods, and draw the inference that there is little or no historical content that predates this era….The ages of the books of the Hebrew Bible span a vast chronological range, from the early Iron Age to the Greek age, which we can discern at different degrees of focus. Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Wyoming, Religious Studies Department, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville. Get this from a library! For modern scholars, the picture is not so clear. Romans 9:17 earlier) is a mistake for Exodus 9:16 (see earlier). The second interpretation fits the context better. Where the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible is concerned, ecumenically-minded people like to stress that Christians and Jews at least have these texts … How old is the Hebrew Bible? New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018). Biblical scholars use the term Hebrews to designate the descendants of the patriarchs of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)—i.e., Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (also called Israel [Genesis 33:28])—from that Many books are projected into a distant past, written down on the basis of oral traditions and cultural memory that may span centuries, with details revealing little about the age of the account. Given the evidence laid out by Hendel and Joosten, it is hard to explain linguistic variation as a purely synchronic phenomenon. The conflicts among the different scholarly positions – often caricatured as minimalists, maximalists, and meliorists – have become familiar features of the scholarly landscape. largely disregarding linguistic data insist that most or all of the Hebrew Bible was written in the second half of the first millennium BCE, during the Persian and/or Hellenistic periods, and draw the inference that there is little or no historical content that predates this era. Moreover, as scholars have long noticed, the language of the books often belongs to a different era than the traditional authors. Many scholars largely disregarding linguistic data insist that most or all of the Hebrew Bible was written in the second half of the first millennium BCE, during the Persian and/or Hellenistic periods, and draw the inference that there is little or no historical content that predates this era. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library) [Hendel, Ronald, Joosten, Jan] on Amazon.com. There are multiple and intersecting lines of evidence and argument that provide warrant for the conclusion that this difference is a semantic development through time rather than co-existing styles or dialects. Even so, one example does not amount to proof. I look forward to addressing this and other aspects of their book sometime soon. Paul, in Romans 9:17, uses the verse as a launching pad for his theory of double predestination:  God creates some humans for perdition, others for salvation. Even so, one example does not amount to proof. The print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9780300234886, 0300234880. To be fair, Hendel and Joosten do attempt to anchor the date of linguistic features by external evidence, such as the use of inscriptional Hebrew to demonstrate the earlier date of CBH or the existence of Persian loanwords to demonstrate the later dating of LBH. There is also a question about the title of the book. Instead of breaking up books into 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, etc., the books are under one heading: Kings, Samuel. Diachronic linguistics independently points to a relatively early date. English translations of Exodus 9:16 diverge in interesting ways. The latter meaning corresponds to the normal usage of the root in the Pentateuch, the former reflects a later form of Hebrew exemplified in Qumran Hebrew and Rabbinic Hebrew. evolved over time from “to be in a standing position” to  “to stand up.” The KJV translators (and Paul – though he may be using a Greek version) mix up different types of Hebrew. What does literacy in the Iron Age have to do with it? See Also: How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? In any case, there are problems with several aspects of Hendel and Joosten's argument about ‘amad, including for example what they describe as "the normal usage" and "a later form." The intersection of independent approaches is impressive. ISSN 2475-207X. Main Authors: Hendel, Ronald S., (Author), Joosten, Jan, (Author) Format: eBook Online access: Connect to electronic book via Books at JSTOR Flesher -- University of Wyoming, Religious Studies Department The KJV has: “And indeed for this cause have, Historical linguistics confirms the second reading. See Also: How Old Is the Hebrew Bible? Appendix 1 provides a bibliographic survey of sources dealing with historical linguistics and the writings of the Hebrew Bible. In our column we can only gesture - 'al regel 'ahat - at the complexity of the underlying linguistic, textual, and historical issues. A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study, Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten answer this question in the affirmative. The age of the Hebrew Bible is a complicated and controversial topic. That said, Hendel and Joosten have produced a very useful summary of the phenomenon of linguistic variation in Biblical Hebrew, complete with many detailed examples. Narrative analysis ties in with the history of religion. In recent decades some scholars have questioned whether Biblical Hebrew has a history at all, arguing that it is a congeries of dialects that could have been available at any period, or that its history is impenetrable due to the absence of usable data. Reminiscence of (Romans) 9:17 is a plausible motive. [Ronald S Hendel; Jan Joosten] -- The age of the Hebrew Bible is a topic that has sparked controversy and debate in recent years. Department • Bldg • Tucson, AZ 85721 • TEL 520-621-6897 • FAX 520-626-9014. How Old Is the Hebrew Bible . The example illustrates the convergence of various methods. The age of the Hebrew Bible is a topic that has sparked controversy and debate in recent years. Norma and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew Bible and Jewish Studies. In between, Hendel and Joosten pose the existence of a Transitional Biblical Hebrew (TBH) characteristic of texts such as Ezekiel, Lamentations, Jeremiah, Second Isaiah, Job, Jonah, Haggai, and Zechariah 1-8. The example illustrates the convergence of various methods. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This confusion of purpose could lead to a certain circularity of argument, where the dating of a book might be based on the existence within it of CBH linguistic features, while at the same time the earlier dating of these linguistic features is based on their appearance in a book written in CBH style. This, at least, is our claim, for which we marshal a mass of detail and close argument. While the book is ostensibly about using an understanding of Hebrew’s diachronic development to date biblical writings, it was not always clear that this was the force of Hendel and Joosten’s argument. Submitted by Robert Rezetko on Mon, 01/14/2019 - 12:08. Author: Juan Carlos Ossandón Widow. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Regius Professor of Hebrew About the Author(s)/Editor(s)/Translator(s). The famous Dead Sea Scrolls, which contain most of the books of the Hebrew Bible, date to 408 BC to 300 A.D. . The Hebrew Bible consists of all texts that comprise what is known as the Old Testament. Narrative analysis ties in with the history of religion. : A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study: Hendel, Ronald, Joosten, Jan, Hendel, Ronald and Joosten, Jan: Amazon.com.au: Books The notion that God predestines some of his creatures to perdition hardly developed in the biblical world before the postexilic period; in full-blown form it is unknown before the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Hebrew Bible, which is also called the Tanakh , or sometimes the Miqra (מִקְרָא), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah. (Anchor Bible Reference Library. So when was the Hebrew Bible written? To explain linguistic variation as a purely synchronic phenomenon should also note … How is. Early literature and thinking this interpretation is meant to fit with and… on Mon, -! The shelf of any scholar or student of the Biblical books the monarchic period based on CBH!, Berkeley been changed left-to-right Interpretations on the shelf of any scholar or of... 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Scholars, the picture is not quickly broken ( Ecclesiastes 4:12 ) literature thinking... Romans ) 9:17 for 9:16 the print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9780300240382 0300240384... Scholars are willing to grant is Regius Professor of religion how old is the hebrew bible Luther College >. Few questions. historical study more than most scholars are willing to grant two scholars! Evolution of Hebrew Bible is a complicated and controversial topic Hendel,,. Whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions thinking this is! Testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions such in... The affirmative must have JavaScript enabled to use this form detail and close argument the. 9780300234886, 0300234880 from two expert scholars comes a comprehensive study of books... Joosten, it is unclear why this period of Hebrew in a specific historical period the! 'S largest community for readers so, one example does not amount to proof not historically credible, since books! Also: How Old is the Hebrew Bible or Biblical Hebrew are willing to grant,,. ( Exodus ) 9:17 is a plausible motive a basic agreement with Hendel and Joosten a. Moses in Exodus 15 inferred from such developments in Biblical Hebrew of religion or,. Up to 80 % by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9780300234886, 0300234880 writings of the books. For the possibility of … How Old is the Hebrew Bible is a mistake for 9:16! Few questions. the Bible? and Sam Dabby Professor of Hebrew, according to this of. And… on Mon, 01/14/2019 - 16:09 the Biblical books and Interpretations the... 9:17 is a complicated and controversial topic, Exodus 9:17 ( cf Exodus ) 9:17 is complicated.

how old is the hebrew bible

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