If you find an offensive post, please bring it to our attention and we will remove it. They could actually be a divided system, and not two separate plants. History. Kent was … Mango growing Agfact H6.1.10, fourth edition 2004 JF Dirou District Horticulturist, NSW Centre for Tropical Horticulture, Alstonville ORDER NO. This type of mango is sometimes mistaken for the quite similar looking cultivar Keitt, the difference is that it matures earlier (as early as March). Every effort has been made to clean up the old archives, but we cannot guarantee the contents. Use your experience with produce such as peaches or avocados, which also become softer as they ripen. Now, mangoes require warm, generally tropical temperatures as anything under 30 F can kill a mango tree. The fruit has a strong, sour flavour. 1 Florida monoembryonic cultivars: 'Tommy Atkins', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Van Dyke', 'Palmer', 'Irvin' and 'Glenn'. Relevance. The flesh contains very few fibers, and constitutes approximately 82 percent of the fruit. 14. This is the most popular green eating variety in Vietnam. Mango. Harvesting is often carried out over 2-5 picks. A polyembryonic seed is one which contains multiple embryos. It is not possible to post to the old archives. Mangoes are in the Anacardiaceae family, along with poison oak and poison ivy, and share some of the same properties. Grafting high on the rootstock helps encourage high branching. (a) Mango Cultivars: There are hundreds of mango cultivars distributed throughout the world, of which Asia andIndia have over 500 classified varieties have evolved and have been described and 69 species mostly restricted to tropical regions. Are there exceptions? We are a small, family operated boutique grove. Sometimes monoembryonic mango varieties can sprout multiple sprouts from a single seed but they usually have a single point of origin with a single root system. The second one is also a keitt mango which was poly embryonic but ironically, the leaves look quite different. A tree planted from a polyembryonic seed (Fig. Many of the Asian varieties of mangos are Polyembryonic. However, any seed can be used to grow seedlings for grafting. H.6.1.10 AGDEX 234/11 INTRODUCTION The mango (Mangifera indica) is native to Asia, occurring from northern India to the Malay Peninsula. The trees are comparatively small and round in shape. Some mangos in Hawaii derived from early polyembryonic introductions are known as "Hawaiian" mangos. 'Keitt' is presently the best export variety in the Americas. A tree planted from a polyembryonic seed (Fig. The new leaves are initially a red-brown colour, turning green as they expand and harden. Problems with tree shape can be overcome by pruning and shaping young trees during the first few years after planting. The seedling will become the rootstock. Keitt mangoes are said to be some of the most flavorful and tangy mangoes available. Origin:The mango is native to southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. It is said to be monoembryonic, but why is it that when I planted one keitt mango seed, 2 plants grew? ThanksLeave the strong oneJust cut the smaller one. It is said to be monoembryonic, but why is it that when I planted one keitt mango seed, 2 plants grew? I live in Southern California and want to grow a large mango tree and would like to plant the seeds of some good tasting polyembryonic mangoes. Although a tree grown from the polyembryonic seed may produce mango fruits in 2 to 4 years time, the tree will produce a good crop when it is around 7 years old. Lv 7. The fertilised seedling is often weak and stunted and should be discarded. The Tommy Atkin, Haden, Keitt, and Van Dyke remain the most popular commercial varieties, and they were all selected in Florida less than 100 years ago. When I have separated them, that is what I have found, and they are easily separated that a young age, if the soil is loose, which yours seems to be. Comments. Keitt ← Back to All Varieties. I was wondering if I should let it grow as it is now or cut one of the stems? Keitt | Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Plants from polyembryonic seeds produce fruit true to the parent (like grafted plants do). There is no apparent difference in cold hardiness among varieties. 13. Favorite Answer. Keitt is a naturally very open, spreading tree with a few long arching branches. The other seedlings are clones of the mother tree. Polyembryonic seeds contain more than one embryo and most of the embryos are genetically identical to the mother tree. Dr. Jonathan H. Crane discusses the 'Keitt' mango. But with Keitt mangoes this is a bit different due to their bigger size and small pits. The fruit ripens from August to October. 'Keitt' is a Florida selection which has become one of the world’s most outstanding mangos. The California Keitt Mango is grown using organic and non- organic methods. is an unlikely site today, a jungle of 20-foot-tall mango trees rising from the sands, guarded by a chain-link-and-razor-wire fence. Flowering and fruiting are seriously affected at temperatures below 40 degrees during bloom. Are there exceptions? Monoembryonic seeds consist of just one embryo, and they require cross pollination therefore they never grow true to type. Forcing growth with nitrogen in the early years can lead to excessive vegetative growth and predispose the fruit to internal fruit disorders. That the first segments of the poly embryonic seeds to take off and get the tallest, most often fail from root rot, and and slower sprouting segments are usually more root rot tolerant. Over time the polyembryonic mango varieties were brought through the pacific trading ports of Mexico and Panama into the New World colonies (Litz, 1997). Mango is adapted to lowland tropical and subtropical areas. The above followup was added by David Johnson, Waterford CA, zone 14 on July 23, 2009 at 1:02 am PST. Remains . Keitt is susceptible to bacterial black spot, which can cause severe fruit loss if allowed to build up in trees before flowering. Growers Bill and Mary Cyzewski have owned this grove since 1990. Both polyembryonic and monoembryonic mango (Mangifera indica) varieties are commercially grown in Taiwan. Medium . Every single part of a mango tree is beneficial. Keitt is a late-season variety that is marketed in Australia between late January and early April, avoiding the high production glut of Kensington Pride. Is Keitt mango seed polyembryonic or monoembryonic? Answer Save. I often separate them before that tallI often separate them before that tall, but even that height, they usually don’t have much of a root system yet, except for some depth. Mango | Varieties. Keitt (pronounced "kit") is one of the latest season mangoes in South Florida (United States), with fruit into October. Distant affinity: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Gandaria (Bouea gandaria), Pistachio (Pistacia vera), Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), Ambarella (Spondias cytherea), Yellow Mombin (Spondias mombin), Red Mombin (Spondias purpurea), Imbu (Spondias tuberosa). All Rights Reserved. Hello everyone, I'm trying to figure out what everyones favorite polyembryonic mangoes are. The above followup was added by brian on July 23, 2009 at 12:24 am PST. Mature leaves are leathery, glossy, and deep green in color. Pit, skin, leaves, bark – everything of a mango tree has been used in various concoctions for treating ailments or simply as preventives. UF/IFAS/Tropical Research and Education Center Professor: Jonathan H. Crane Videographer: Ian Maguire Keitt (pronounced kEEt) mangoes are the largest of the Mangifera indica cultivars seen in the United States market; sometimes reaching a weight of up to five pounds. C.M.&S. This darling little mango hails from Haiti. Because of the open canopy shape Keitt fruit is particularly prone to sunburn. Xoai Tuong is an oblong-shaped mango that weighs 600-800 g and has a polyembryonic seed. Other post-harvest diseases that can affect Keitt are anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), a major cause of fruit blackening, and stem end rot (Botryosphaeriaspp., and Lasiodiplodia theobromae). Through these experiments, we expect to provide a better understanding of the insects involved with Keitt mango production in the Miami-Dade area and their importance in fruit set production. The fertilised seedling is often weak and stunted and should be discarded. New leaves arise in terminal growth flushes that occur several times a year. Plant spacing varies between 1.5-6 m in the row and 6-8 m between rows (238-1111 trees/hectare). It spread ea… From there the mango landed in the West Indies around the later half of the 18th century and the first introduction into Florida ensued in 1861 (Litz, 1997). Although developed in Florida, Keitt thrived in the desert, producing fruit whose orange flesh is very sweet and fiber-free, with rich, concentrated flavor. The Keitt mango is an Indian strain of the mango thought to have originated from a seedling of Mulgoba mango variety grown in 1945 in Homestead, Florida. All the listed varieties are productive and have superior quality fruit. I repotted my first mango seedling and it had a relatively long tap root with very little branching. Timing: Early season. If you wish to follow up on one of the posts in the archives, please make a reference of the post URL and start a new topic in the Fruits, Rare Fruits and Exotics forum. Keitt Mango. Please note that you are viewing posts from the vintage Cloudforest forum. Some mangos produce polyembryonic seeds, but the ones shown here are singles (monoembryonic). Many of the Asian varieties of mangos are Polyembryonic. Winter temperature is a major consideration, as leaves and twigs, especially on younger trees, can be damaged at temperatures below 30 degrees. Some of these are still productive, e.g. With a Polyembryonic mango the seed contains multiple seeds and only one of those is the cross pollinated seed, so there is a good chance that you could grow a clone of the parent tree with a Polyembryonic mango seed. Marketing: Domestic and several export markets. Monoembryonic mango originated in India and is the original strain of mango. The above followup was added by David Johnson, Waterford CA, zone 14 on July 24, 2009 at 8:24 am PST. Squeeze the mango gently. This means that if you grow a polyembryonic mango (such as Kensington Pride or Bowen, which is pretty much the only variety that we can buy in supermarkets in WA) or citrus (Valencia orange, Lisbon lemon, West Indian lime, Thompson or Marsh grapefruit, Murcott, Kara mandarin, amongst others) variety from seed, it will be true to type. Monoembryonic seeds contain one embryo and this embryo possesses genes from both parents. Perhaps some of these varieties are duplicates with different names, but at least 350 are propagated in commercial nurseries. 8 Harvesting may start in November and continue until March depending on the location. This is an open pollinated seedling of Mulgoba. I might have stunted it though. The undercolor of ripe fruit is greenish yellow, which in the popular conception is less desirable than yellow undercolor. 'Keitt' is a Florida selection which has become one of the world’s most outstanding mangos. size, 400 g. Ripens to a rich yellow skin colour with bright pink tinting on the shoulders. agroecological analysis of arthropods involved in mango pollination in south florida by matthew quenaudon a thesis presented to the graduate school I was wondering if I should let it grow as it is now or cut one of the stems? Excellent eating quality, disease resistance, productivity, and ripening time are some of the features of this four to five pound goliath. However, recent genetic analysis suggests Keitt was actually a seedling of Brooks, which would help explain its late-season ripening and large fruit size. Its turmeric-colored flesh and green-yellow skin … The fruit originated from Florida and was released in 1946. The above followup was added by George on July 23, 2009 at 9:35 pm PST. The largest fruit availble, 4-5lbs makes a great shade tree. The tree has now grown several branches making it denser. I try to cut out that rotI actually now try and cut out the rot when it appears. It’s good to know the root system shouldn’t be that big. With a Polyembryonic mango the seed contains multiple seeds and only one of those is the cross pollinated seed, so there is a good chance that you could grow a clone of the parent tree with a Polyembryonic mango seed. I often loose one of the smaller areas where a shoot would develop or maybe more. Because of  the open canopy of Keitt, light penetration and fruit colour is not a problem at higher densities. Mango’s like Paw paws, don’t seem to have much of root system when they start out, except for the beginning tape root,. © 2020 The Mango Factory. A ripe mango will give slightly. Keitt was reportedly a seedling of the Mulgoba cultivar that was planted on the property of Mrs. J.N. And if they are not one plant, and one is better, how can you choose now, which one that will be, as far as hardiness to heat and cold, and better fruit, only time can tell, if you let both of them survive. Honey Gold. Some mangos produce polyembryonic seeds, but the ones shown here are singles (monoembryonic). Mango Tree Keitt Variety Grafted in a 3 Gallon Container. Applications Ripe mangoes will sometimes have a fruity aroma at their stem ends. Kensington Pride has been the most widely used rootstock for Keitt. Although Florida did enjoy a brief stint as a commercial mango producer, the fresh fruit market is now dominated by Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. Florida Haden, Kent and Keitt mangoes. The average length of the fruit measures 12.4cm with a width of 9.7cm and has an average weight of 545g. 12. The result is one seedling Polyembryonic seeds contain multiple embryos, one as the result of cross pollination and the rest as a result of apomixes. Keitt is a late-maturing variety, generally harvested 4-6 weeks after Kensington Pride. Keitt Mango. ... ’,’Pascual’,’Harris’,’Justin’,’Siagon M13269′,’Keitt’ 11/22/99 Inflorescence stages from a ‘Keitt’ mango tree. 'Keitt' is a Florida selection which has become one of the world’s most outstanding mangos. Some Polyembryonic varieties to consider would … I send out updates to anyone that would like to know when the season opens, varieties available and season closing dates. They have less pronounced alternate-year bearing qualities than the more common ‘Haden’ and ‘Pirie’ varieties. Where do my mangoes come from? 15) will be identical to its parent tree, whereas a tree planted … The above followup was added by Tom on July 22, 2009 at 12:23 am PST. in 'keitt', a monoembryonic cultivar, ... 341_6 frequency and characteristics of zygotic seedlings from polyembryonic mango cultivars, determined using isozymes as genetic markers 341_7 genetic relationships among mangifera spp. We have samplings of other cultivars; Haden, Irwin, Keitt … Mango varieties produce either monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. I was wondering if I should let it grow as it is now or cut one of the stems? Single embryo in seed, producing a seedling that is a genetic cross between the mother tree and pollen donor, Seed with multiple embryos, producing seedlings that are genetically identical to parent tree, Last updated: Monoembryonic types do not come true from seed, so they must be grafted onto seedling rootstocks, using almost any available mango seeds. The Asian mango types are generally oblong and more pointed. This variety is named for Mrs. J.N. Than a typical mango tree let alone a keitt. Dr. Jonathan H. Crane discusses the 'Keitt' mango. Polyembryonic Mango Polyembryonic MangoThe mango seeds that I planted have sprouted and I noticed that one is polyembryonic. The Keitt variety can now be found growing mostly in Coachella Valley, California, though it can still be found growing in Florida. UF/IFAS/Tropical Research and Education Center Professor: Jonathan H. Crane Videographer: Ian Maguire Excellent eating quality, disease resistance, productivity, and ripening time are some of the features of this four to five pound goliath. R2E2 Keitt. Is Keitt mango seed polyembryonic or monoembryonic? Prior to the severe freezes of the 1980s, numerous mango trees were in production in yards across the lower Rio Grande Valley, including a small orchard near Mercedes. Plants from polyembryonic seeds produce fruit true to the parent (like grafted plants do). Propagation by seed is only recommended for poly-embryonic mango varieties such as Kensington Pride. Queensland Government, Fraud, corruption and misconduct control policy, Economic recovery—support for Queensland producers announced, Back to work in agriculture incentive scheme, Agriculture research, development and extension (RD&E), Enhancing biosecurity capability and capacity in Queensland, Biosecurity policy, legislation and regulation, Eradicating varroa mites – the sweetest success, Workplace health management plans: COVID-safe farms, AgTech: Where agriculture meets technology, Food pilot plant: Making food dreams come true, Please contact us with your compliment or complaint. The Asian mango types are generally oblong and more pointed. Xoai Tuong is a large, vigorous tree. Dee Hsu, born in 1978, usually known as Xiao S or Little S, is a Taiwanese actress, singer and host. Keitt mangoes grown in California are held up to stringent organic standards. George. Keitt grows with low-to-medium vigour as an upright, open canopy. Yes, clones – just like a cutting, only from seed. Mango seeds are either monoembryonic or polyembryonic. I pinched off all the tiny mango fruits from my 2 year old mango tree so that it could grow. mejxu. Also known as the Jingu Ivory mango, or Ivory mango, this long, thin mango is named for its resemblance to a young elephant's tusk. To grow these monoembryonic types of mangoes, you should graft them instead. To force them to branch often, cut the limbs of Keitt every second growth flush to maximise the number of terminals and fruit-bearing surface. mango cultivars can also be classified according to origin (see Table 1). These are un-moderated posts made by un-registered users. The pink blush and red colour that appears on some varieties is not an indicator of ripeness. It was first introduced into Yunnan, China from Thailand in 1914. Mangos are named for the people who discovered them, with most of them starting as backyard fruit trees. The don’t seem to have a lot of fine lateral fine hair feeder roots. If find that even guavas and citrus seedlings easily separate at this age and stage of growth, without any real negative effects, except maybe a slow down, and even then not usually. Flavour: Rich sweet flavour. Seems like someone mentioned before how to tell clone from hybridSeems like someone mentioned before how to tell clone from hybrid here on Cloudforest, but I forget. This mango was a ‘Keitt’ seedling from the breeding program of Gary Zill in Boynton Beach, FL. By Doug Flowerree on June 17, 2009 in … When eaten green, the pulp is crisp with low fibre and is covered with a medium-thick green skin without any blush. They can be multiplied by seeding and generally produce true-to-type progeny. The large fruit is greenish-yellow with a red or crimson blush on the shoulder. The first branching of the trunk should be high (1.2-5 m) to prevent fruit from hanging on the ground. Francis. It has a relatively long green mature period before tree ripening occurs, providing an extended harvest window. Mangoes with polyembryonic seeds, like "Florigon," "Saigon" and "Nam Doc Mai," can be grown successfully from seeds, but monoembryonic seeds, like those from "Keitt," "Sensation" and "Valencia Pride," are best grown only to produce rootstock because the fruit will not come true to the parents from the seeds. Keitt is a late-season, semi-dwarf variety with large, highly coloured fruit. The seeds are polyembryonic which means progeny develops more or less true-to-type. Fruit quality is much better than 'Haden'. Poly-embryonic seeds produce a number of shoots, one of which originates from fertilisation. To be honest, I think the mono embryonic one is going to produce more true to type. Phoenix Tropicals Gardening Connect with your neighbors to swap gardening information. The largest fruit availble, 4-5lbs makes a great shade tree. This was likely also true for the mango seedlings first introduced in Kenya which were all polyembryonic. Mango variety colour supplement – A. Kensington Pride. In some areas, the Hass avocado is known as the avocado pear or the alligator pear due to the pebbly, rough exterior of one of the most popular varieties. Mango is regarded as the queen of fruits in tropical areas of the world. Although Keitt was first introduced into Australia in 1979, it was not widely grown until the late 1980s. Mango varieties R2E2 Calypso (B74) Irwin Brooks Nam Doc Mai Green eating Palmer Keitt Haden Kent Kensington Pride Pests and diseases of mangoes Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Grafting mangoes Frequently asked questions about mangoes and planthopper (Colgaroides acuminata). If you would like me to email you, enter your email address and I'll add you to the email list. Keitt should be monoembryonic. Polyembryonic is Indochinese. Our grocery stores have very little variety so I’ve only ever seen two types of mango … Atkins’, ‘Kent’, ‘Keitt’ and, to a minor scale, ‘Palmer’, ‘Haden’, ‘Edwards’, ‘Osteen’ or ‘Irwin’ dominate the global fresh-fruit export market. This means that large scale production is rare in the United States and … I have found with the Altaulfo mango’s we get in the stores from Mexico. Colour: Brilliant golden … ‘Ah Ping’, ‘Fairchild’, ‘Gouveia’, ‘Harders’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Momi K’, ‘Pope’, and ‘Rapoza’ are recommended mango varieties for Hawaii. But in ether case, you could let them both grow. The Keitt mango is an Indian strain of the mango thought to have originated from a seedling of Mulgoba mango variety grown in 1945 in Homestead, Florida. Keitt trees are slower to grow than other more vigorous varieties, so will take 4-6 years to produce an adequate bearing frame. Keitt in Homestead, Florida in 1939. Texture: Firm fibreless juicy flesh. The majority of our crop is the Kent cultivar, proclaimed to be the best tasting mango. Keitt has export clearance for Japan after treatment with approved vapour heat treatment for fruit fly disinfestation. The going consensus usually is one mango = 1 cup of chopped ready-to-eat mango. Excellent eating quality, disease resistance, productivity, and ripening time are some of the features of this four to … The Keitt Mango is grown all over the world, including Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Israel, Mexico, Australia and South Africa. Mango Tree Keitt Variety Grafted in a 3 Gallon Container. This involved the “No. The other seedlings are clones of the mother tree. I currently … This tree shape does not lend itself to producing good fruit quality or high yields. Origin: Bowen, polyembryonic. Another type of polyembronic mango that became popular Hawaii was the "Chinese" mango originally from the West Indies, but so 'Keitt' originated in Florida as a seedling of 'Mulgoba'. The fruit ripens from August to October. A Champagne mango is vastly different from a Kent mango, from a Haden, and so on. along the Tana River, and some of them have been given names which to this day are still valued. Kensington Pride: Australia, Italy, United States: Kent The above followup was added by Tom on July 22, 2009 at 12:23 am PST. Mango Tree Keitt Variety Grafted in a 3 Gallon Container. mango clonesHow can you tell which are the clonal trees and which is the sexually produced stem? Branches have a natural tendency to grow long and thin, arching to the ground with heavy crop loads if left unpruned. It has been used in traditional and folk medicine in some form or the other. It is round in shape, medium sized with a light-colored, soft fiberless flesh. Flavour: Sweet, mild flavour: Texture: Firm: Colour: Pinky red blush with a yellowy /orange flesh: Size: Medium to large: Ripening Cues: Gives slightly to gentle pressure : Peak Availability: January to March ← Previous Variety Next Variety → More Varieties. 15) will be identical to its parent tree, whereas a tree planted from a monoembryonic seed will be a hybrid (mix of both parents). Common Names:Mango, Mangot, Manga, Mangou. Cultivars: Although more than 1000 varieties have been … Seems like someone mentioned before how to tell clone from hybrid, Management of Biennial Bearing Mangoes (Part 4 of 4). It has thin skin, smooth skin. ME types have a single zygotic embryo and are propagated by budding and grafting, whereas PE types have one or more zygotic embryos, with the rest being clones of the maternal plant and thus making these suitable for cultivation. Backyard Keitt's in South Florida regularly get to 2 pounds, and occasionally as large as 5 pounds. Therefore, propagate the variety by grafting onto a uniform polyembryonic* rootstock. 1 Answer. We can write an original essay just for you Order Custom Essay. Polyembryonic Mango Polyembryonic MangoThe mango seeds that I planted have sprouted and I noticed that one is polyembryonic. Collect seconds fruit and use to propagate rootstock. Though I am wondering if what they said was not clear to me or was too hard to figure out, what was what. Related species: Bindjai (Mangifera caesia), Horse Mango (M. foetida), Kuweni mango (M. odorata). Keitt is affected by major insect pests such as mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis),tipborer (Penicillaria jocosatrixand Chlumetia euthysticha),fruit flies (Bactrocera sp.) The fruit has a strong delicious flavor belonging in the coconut group. Fruit quality: Characteristic sweet, low fibre fruit. One important thing to look out for when following mango recipes is that if it calls for one or half a mango, it typically refers to an average size mango (size 9-10cnt). Polyembryonic types generally come true from seed, which is the common method of propagation in the tropics. Mango Tree Keitt Variety Grafted in a 3 Gallon Container. 22 Apr 2014, © The State of Queensland (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) 2010–2020. History. 1 decade ago. The 'Kent' mango is a named mango cultivar that originated in south Florida. 'Keitt' is a Florida selection which has become one of the world’s most outstanding mangos. The mango seeds that I planted have sprouted and I noticed that one is polyembryonic. 2) In almost all the countries, rootstocks are chosen because of the facility of obtaining seeds. Excellent eating quality, disease resistance, productivity, and ripening time are some of the features of this four to five pound goliath. ThanksLeave the strong oneJust cut the smaller one. The seed is small and polyembryonic. Keitt originated in Florida as an open pollinated seedling of Mulgoba, which was first selected in 1939. Mangoes with polyembryonic seeds, like "Florigon," "Saigon" and "Nam Doc Mai," can be grown successfully from seeds, but monoembryonic seeds, like those from "Keitt," "Sensation" and "Valencia Pride," are best grown only to produce rootstock because the … The original tree, a seedling of the Brooks cultivar started in September 1932, was planted on January 1, 1933 on the property of Leith D. Kent in Coconut Grove, Florida. Keitt who planted a seed in her Homestead, Florida backyard in 1939… Six-year-old trees can reach heights of 2-5 m with a canopy diameter of 2-4 m. Keitt is a monoembryonic* variety, which means that the seed, if planted, will not produce seedlings that produce fruit true to type. Polyembryonic Mango. Our grocery stores have very little variety so I’ve only ever seen two types of mango … In the great majority of cases they are of polyembryonic nature coming from Poly-embryonic seeds produce a number of shoots, one of which originates from fertilisation.

keitt mango polyembryonic

Flour Tortilla Chips, Life Science Recruiters, A Worrying Thing Lyrics, How To Make Yellow Corn Maja Blanca, Scope Of Industrial Engineering Pdf, Zendikar Expeditions Booster Box, Cie A Level Chemistry Paper 5 Solved,