In a major shock to the rest of the world, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in order to overthrow the oil-rich, well-armed, Westernized, and pro-American secular monarchy ruled by Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. The nuclear program of Iran has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants. The remaining countries of the Middle East are categorized as authoritarian regimes, though some have  certain democratic aspects. Another example is Iran, where the Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in an electoral system (an Islamic Republic with a constitution), but the system has a limited democracy in practice. Many Iranian Americans, even those who fled repression in Iran and oppose its government, welcomed the JCPOA as a step forward. An hour later he doused himself with gasoline and set himself afire. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba’athist government. Timeline of Middle East, Politics linked to the news articles, countries timelines and displayed as icons. By the end of February 2012, rulers had been forced from power in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. For the next 15 years, Iran will only enrich uranium up to 3.67%. Iran also agreed not to build any new heavy-water facilities for the same period of time. The use of social media platforms more than doubled in Arab countries during the protests, with the exception of Libya. Tunisia is a representative democracy and a republic with a president serving as head of state, prime minister as head of government, a unicameral parliament, and a civil law court system. For example, a number of presidential republics embracing Arab socialism, such as Syria and Egypt, regularly hold elections. Syrian Muslims are 74 percent Sunnis (including Sufis) and 13 percent Shias (including 8-12 percent Alawites), 3 percent are Druze, and the remaining 10 percent are Christians. Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the Gulf War, which brought several hundred thousand U.S. and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein’s occupation of Kuwait. Moreover, the constitution of modern Egypt has given the president a virtual monopoly over the decision-making process, devoting 30 articles (15 percent of the whole constitution) to presidential prerogatives. The two countries maintain extremely hostile relations, with some Iranian leaders calling for the destruction of Israel. They often but not always fight in conjunction with Kurdish and Armenian groups. In 1979, the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, was seized by an armed fundamentalist group and held for over a week. The abuses came to widespread public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2004. The Arab Winter was characterized by extensive civil wars, general regional instability, economic and demographic decline, and religious wars between Sunni and Shia Muslims. In Tunisia and Egypt, where the existing regimes were ousted and replaced through a process of free and fair election, the revolutions were considered short-term successes. The protesters burned down a Ba’ath Party headquarters and other buildings. The term can refer to diverse forms of social and political activism advocating that public and political life should be guided by Islamic principles, or more specifically to movements that call for full implementation of sharia. Counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna frequently referred to the invasion of Iraq as a “fatal mistake.”, London’s International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become “a potent global recruitment pretext” for radical Muslim fighters and that the invasion “galvanized” al-Qaeda and “perversely inspired insurgent violence.” The U.S. National Intelligence Council concluded in a 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists. This product has everything you need to help you create a running timeline of events in your social studies units. Nearly all the Middle Eastern states, including those categorized as democratic, violate some of what according to international legal standards falls under the category of human rights. In Egypt, President Hosni Mubarak resigned in February 2011 after 18 days of massive protests, ending his 30-year presidency. One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in Egypt, a bloody civil war in Algeria, and Osama bin Laden ‘s terror campaign climaxing in the 9/11 attack. Under later Western colonialism, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empire simmered. The trafficking of accumulated stocks continued in 2000 and 2001. <>>> The agreement will boost Iran’s scientific cooperation with Western powers and has already improved diplomatic relations in some cases. From 2006, the Taliban made significant gains and showed an increased willingness to commit atrocities against civilians. Both external and internal conflict, ongoing political instability, and the Syrian refugee crisis remain grave dangers for children. Theories on why the Middle East remains essentially undemocratic are diverse. The war is currently being fought by a complex network of factions: the Syrian government and its allies, a loose alliance of Sunni. Aleppo is an ancient city and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, possibly since the 6th millennium BCE. Bryant. Western Sahara: UN Security Council posits options to break the impasse in the Western Sahara between local Polisario Front and Moroccan forces. Israel, the most democratic state in the Middle East, faces significant human rights problems regarding institutional discrimination of Arab citizens of Israel (many of whom self-identify as Palestinian), Ethiopian Israelis and women, and the treatment of refugees and irregular migrants. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Bahrain, Algeria, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, and Sudan. President Saddam Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December 2003 and executed by a military court three years later. As of 2015, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey were openly backing the Army of Conquest, an umbrella rebel group that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar ash-Sham and Faylaq Al-Sham, a coalition of Muslim Brotherhood-linked rebel groups. Civil uprisings had erupted in Bahrain and Syria. Jared Keller, a journalist for The Atlantic, noted differences between the Arab countries where protests emerged. Some 60–70% of Iraqi children were reported to be suffering from psychological problems in 2007. Security forces retaliated by opening fire on the protesters. Home Lifestyle People 25 iconic moments that define the 21st century thus far. The war is currently being fought by a complex network of factions. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. The participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran’s nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran. They have voiced their anger at perceived exploitation as well as materialism, Westernization, democracy, and modernity, which are most commonly associated with accepting Western secular beliefs and values. In 2011, the IAEA reported credible evidence that Iran had been conducting experiments aimed at designing a nuclear bomb until 2003 and that research may have continued on a smaller scale after that time. Although outgunned and outnumbered, insurgents from the Taliban and other radical groups have waged asymmetric warfare with guerrilla raids and ambushes in the countryside, suicide attacks against urban targets, and turncoat killings against coalition forces. Immediately following al-Assad’s death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34, which allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad, to become legally eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba’ath party. The strength of the Islamist movement was manifest in an event that might have seemed sure to turn Muslim public opinion against fundamentalism, but did just the opposite. The IAEA issued a report stating that Iran was adhering to the terms of the interim agreement, including stopping enrichment of uranium to 20 percent, beginning the dilution process (to reduce half of the stockpile of 20 percent enriched uranium to 3.5 percent), and halting work on the Arak heavy-water reactor. In July 2011, seven defecting Syrian Armed Forces officers formed the Free Syrian Army (FSA), aiming to overthrow the Assad government with united opposition forces. 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middle east timeline 21st century

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